Daniel who is a marathon runner is at high risk for fluid volume deficit. Which one of the following is a related factor?
A. Decreased diuresis
B. Disease-related process
C. Decreased breathing and perspiration
D. Increased breathing and perspiration
Correct Answer: D. Increased breathing and perspiration
Excessive fluid can be lost if breathing and perspiration are at an increased rate for a prolonged period. Identify the possible cause of the fluid disturbance or imbalance. Establishing a database of history aids accurate and individualized care for each patient.
Option A: Assess color and amount of urine. Report urine output less than 30 ml/hr for 2 consecutive hours. A normal urine output is considered normal not less than 30ml/hour. Concentrated urine denotes fluid deficit.
Option B: Monitor for the existence of factors causing deficient fluid volume (e.g., gastrointestinal losses, difficulty maintaining oral intake, fever, uncontrolled type II diabetes mellitus, diuretic therapy). Early detection of risk factors and early intervention can decrease the occurrence and severity of complications from deficient fluid volume. The gastrointestinal system is a common site of abnormal fluid loss.
Option C: Oral fluid replacement is indicated for mild fluid deficit and is a cost-effective method for replacement treatment. Older patients have a decreased sense of thirst and may need ongoing reminders to drink. Being creative in selecting fluid sources (e.g., flavored gelatin, frozen juice bars, sports drink) can facilitate fluid replacement. Oral hydrating solutions (e.g., Rehydralyte) can be considered as needed.
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