A client has passed a renal calculus. The nurse sends the specimen to the laboratory so it can be analyzed for which of the following factors?
A. Antibodies
B. Type of infection
C. Composition of calculus
D. Size and number of calculi
Correct Answer: C. Composition of calculus
The calculus should be analyzed for the composition to determine appropriate interventions such as dietary restrictions. Development of the stones is related to decreased urine volume or increased excretion of stone-forming components such as calcium, oxalate, uric acid, cystine, xanthine, and phosphate. Calculi may also be caused by low urinary citrate levels or excessive urinary acidity.
Option A: They don’t contain antibodies. To determine the pathogenesis of kidney stones and to formulate future strategies for the treatment and prevention of these stones, it is important to analyze kidney stones at both the elemental and molecular levels.
Option B: Calculi don’t result in infections. This disorder is multifactorial in origin and is influenced by the physical–chemical conditions of the urinary system (Daudon et al. 1993). Various mechanisms are involved in kidney stone formation, all of which can only occur in urine, which is supersaturated with respect to the ionic constituents of the specific stone.
Option D: The size and number of calculi aren’t relevant. Kidney stones are the products of a pathological biomineralization process in the urinary system (Bazin and Daudon 2012; Bazin et al. 2012) and are mostly mixtures of two or three or more components.
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